Quantum Computing: Theory to Simulation and Programming

Kubernetes is an open-source system that runs containers across a cluster of machines, keeping the number and placement of running copies matched to a declared desired state, and restarting, rescheduling and scaling them without a person intervening.

IaaS is the layer of cloud computing where you rent raw infrastructure through an API, meaning virtual machines, disks and networks, and take responsibility for the operating system and everything you install above it.

PaaS is a hosting layer that takes your source code and turns it into a running application for you, owning the machines, the runtime, the build, the routing, the certificates and the restarts, so that shipping becomes a push rather than a project.

Caching keeps the result of expensive work, such as a rendered page or a database query, and serves that stored copy until it expires, making it the largest single source of speed on any busy website.

Uptime is the proportion of time a service answers requests, quoted in nines, and a service level agreement is the contract clause setting out how that proportion is counted and what the provider owes when it falls short.

Shared hosting puts your website on a machine that is simultaneously running hundreds of other people's, pooling its processor, memory and disk between all of you, which is both why it costs so little and why your speed partly depends on strangers.

Object-oriented programming is a way of organising a program as objects, each holding its own data and the operations allowed on it, with classes as the templates objects are made from, so that the code models the things it is about rather than the steps the computer takes.

Data structures are the ways a program arranges data in memory (arrays, lists, hash tables, trees, graphs) and algorithms are the step-by-step procedures that work on them; together they decide whether an operation takes a millisecond or an hour as the data grows.

Python is a general-purpose programming language that became the standard interface for driving numerical and machine-learning code written in other languages.