Foundation of Artificial Neural Networks

Threat modelling is the structured practice of asking what could go wrong with a system, who would make it go wrong and how, while the design can still be changed cheaply.

Phishing is an attack that deceives a person into revealing credentials, approving a payment or running malicious content, usually through a message that impersonates someone they trust.

Ransomware is an attack in which criminals gain access to an organisation's systems, encrypt or steal its data, and demand payment to restore access or withhold publication.

Switching is the forwarding of frames within a single network segment by a device that learns which hardware address sits on which port and sends each frame only where it needs to go.

A VLAN divides one physical switched network into several logical segments, each with its own broadcast domain, by tagging frames with a VLAN identifier so that ports and devices in different VLANs cannot reach each other without a router.

Network address translation rewrites the addresses and ports in packets as they cross a network boundary, most commonly so that many devices with private addresses can share one public address to reach the internet.

A container is an application packaged together with the libraries and configuration it needs, run as an isolated process on a host that is already switched on, so the same package behaves the same way on a laptop, in a build pipeline and in production.

Object storage keeps every file as a self-contained object (the bytes, a unique key and some metadata) inside a flat bucket you read and write over HTTP, with no drive to mount and no directory tree underneath it.

Kubernetes is an open-source system that runs containers across a cluster of machines, keeping the number and placement of running copies matched to a declared desired state, and restarting, rescheduling and scaling them without a person intervening.

SSL/TLS is the protocol that encrypts the connection between a browser and a server and, by way of a certificate signed by a certificate authority, proves the server is entitled to answer for the domain in the address bar.

A domain name is an address in the internet's public namespace that you rent through a registrar for a yearly fee, and it remains yours only while the registrar account holding it stays paid up and under your own control.

Caching keeps the result of expensive work, such as a rendered page or a database query, and serves that stored copy until it expires, making it the largest single source of speed on any busy website.